Contents
1Introduction 13
1.1Historical overview 13
1.2 Filler market 15
1.3 Definition of fillers and pigments 16
1.4 Classification of fillers 17
1.5 References 18
2 Mineralogy 19
2.1 Carbonates 19
2.1.1 Calcium carbonate 20
2.1.2 Dolomite 25
2.2 Silicas 25
2.2.1 Quartz 26
2.2.2 Cristobalite 27
2.2.3 Kieselguhr 28
2.3 Silicates 29
2.3.1 Talcum 30
2.3.2 Kaolin 32
2.3.3 Mica 34
2.3.4 Feldspar 35
2.4 Barium sulphate 36
2.5 References 38
3 Production of fillers 41
3.1 Production of natural fillers 41
3.1.1 Prospecting 41
3.1.2 Mining 42
3.1.3 Processing 45
3.2 Synthetic fillers 51
3.2.1 Precipitated calcium carbonate 51
3.2.2 Precipitated barium sulphate 53
3.2.3 Modified calcium carbonate 55
3.2.4 Synthetic silicic acids 56
3.2.5 Precipitated aluminium silicate 59
3.3 Surface treatment of fillers 60
3.4 References 61
4 Characterisation of fillers 63
4.1 Filler testing 63
4.1.1 Optical properties 64
4.1.2 Morphology 68
4.1.3 Physical properties 74
4.1.4 Chemical properties 77
4.2 Filler analytics 79
4.2.1 Scanning electron microscopy 79
4.2.2 Spectroscopy 81
4.2.3 Chromatography 85
4.2.4 Further methods 87
4.3 References 89
5 Properties of fillers 91
5.1 Carbonates 91
5.1.1 Natural calcium carbonate 92
5.1.2 Precipitated calcium carbonate 98
5.1.3 Modified calcium carbonate 100
5.1.4 Dolomite 103
5.2 Silicates 106
5.2.1 Talcum 106
5.2.2 Kaolin 110
5.2.3 Mica 115
5.2.4 Feldspar 118
5.2.5 Precipitated aluminium silicate 120
5.3 Silicas 122
5.3.1 Quartz 122
5.3.2 Cristobalite 125
5.3.3 Diatomaceous earth 128
5.3.4 Pyrogenous silicic acid 129
5.3.5 Precipitated silicic acid 132
5.4 Barium sulphate 134
5.4.1 Natural barium sulphate 135
5.4.2 Precipitated barium sulphate 137
5.5 Aluminium hydroxide and other mineral fillers 139
5.6 Organic fillers 141

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